Ticks are a dreaded parasite for many dog owners, not least because of the diseases they can transmit. However, it’s crucial to balance these risks against the effects of commonly used anti-parasitic treatments. As a holistic veterinarian, my approach favors a comprehensive and balanced understanding of the risks and benefits of different prevention strategies.
Tick-borne diseases: a reality not to be underestimated
Ticks can carry a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. In Switzerland, southern Europe and the USA, the risks are significantly higher than in the UK, where infected ticks are less common. Studies suggest that between 30% and 70% of ticks in Switzerland may carry the Borrelia bacteria responsible for Lyme disease, compared with around 5% to 30% in the UK. This underlines the importance of increased vigilance in regions where the prevalence of infected ticks is higher.
It’s important to note that diseases such as Lyme disease, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are not transmitted transovarially, i.e. they don’t pass from adult females to eggs. As a result, larvae are generally free from infection, with the risk increasing with each stage of tick development.
The parasite treatment dilemma
Parasite treatments are commonly used to protect dogs against ticks. However, these treatments are not without risk. Around two-thirds of treated dogs may experience side effects, ranging from gastrointestinal disorders, cognitive and neurological changes such as tremors and convulsions, to more serious, albeit rare, reactions1. It’s also important to note that, in some cases, the time it takes for these treatments to kill ticks can be longer than the time it takes for the disease to be transmitted, particularly for pathogens such as Babesia canis or Rocky Mountain spotted fever (in the USA).
| Disease | Hosts | Transmission time | Treatment |
| Lyme Borreliosis | Dog, cat, man etc… | 16 to 24 hours | Yes |
| Ehrlichiosis | Dog (cat) | < 8 hours | Yes |
| Anaplasmosis | Dogs, cats, humans, etc. | 24 to 48 hours | Yes |
| Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis) | Dog | 24 to 48 hours | Yes |
| European encephalitis | Human (dog, cat) | A few hours | ? |
| Product | Molecule | Protection period | Tick elimination time |
| Nexgard* | afoxolaner | up to 1 month | 48 hours |
| Bravecto* | fluralaner | 12 weeks | 12 to 48 hours |
| Credelio * | lotilaner | 4 weeks | 8 to 48 hours |
| Simparica* | sarolaner | at least 5 weeks | starts within 12 hours |
| Frontline | fipronil | 1 month | information not available |
| Seresto | imidacloprid/ flumethrin | 8 months | 24 to 48 hours |
The environmental impact of pest control products
There is growing concern about the environmental impact of pest control products such as isoxazolines, fipronil and imidacloprid. After application, these substances can end up in the environment via animal excrement, coat washing or disposal of used products. Once in the environment, they can contaminate waterways and soils, and affect non-target organisms such as aquatic insects, bees and other pollinators. Isoxazolines, for example, are potent neurotoxins for arthropods, and even low concentrations can disrupt ecosystems. Fipronil, meanwhile, is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance due to its toxicity to fish and birds. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid, is also strongly associated with declining bee populations. So, while these products may protect pets, their use must be carefully weighed against their potential negative environmental impact.
A balanced approach: weighing the pros and cons
Faced with these facts, it’s essential to make informed decisions, taking into account the specific risk in your region and the possible side effects of treatments. In areas where the risk of tick infection is relatively low, it may be wise to limit the use of aggressive antiparasitic treatments, especially if your dog is sensitive to these products. On the other hand, in high-risk areas, a more rigorous preventive strategy may be necessary.
Natural strategies against ticks
By combining these natural strategies, you can reduce the risk of ticks for your dog while minimizing the use of chemicals, thus promoting his health and that of the environment.
- EM (Effective Microorganisms) collar: EM collars use beads impregnated with beneficial micro-organisms that can help repel ticks naturally.
- Natural repellents: Using essential oils such as lavender, geranium, citronella and eucalyptus can be effective in repelling ticks. You can prepare a homemade spray by diluting a few drops of essential oil in water and applying it to your dog’s coat. There are also natural commercial products such as “Ticked Off”, to be added to the daily diet, which combine several active ingredients for enhanced protection. Please note, however, that some essential oils may be toxic to cats.
- Avoid forests during high-risk periods: Ticks are most active in spring and autumn. Limiting walks in wooded areas, tall grass and wetlands during these periods can significantly reduce the risk of infestation.
- Brush your dog before going home: After every walk, get into the habit of brushing your dog thoroughly, especially if you’ve been in high-risk areas. This removes ticks before they attach to the skin.
- Tick inspection and removal: Examine your dog, especially after walks, to locate and remove ticks quickly. Check areas where ticks are often found, such as the ears, legs, neck and under the tail. Checking daily, or even several times a day, is an effective way to prevent tick-borne diseases.
- Keep a clean, well-kept yard: Reducing the habitats where ticks thrive, such as tall grass and leaf piles, can reduce their presence in your garden. Mow lawns regularly and keep bushes trimmed.
- Food to boost the immune system: A rich, natural, balanced diet boosts your dog’s immune system, making him less attractive to parasites. Supplements such as garlic in small quantities can also help repel ticks. A healthy animal generally attracts fewer parasites.
Screening (antibody test)
The Idexx 4Dx laboratory test is a valuable screening tool for veterinarians, detecting the presence of specific antibodies in dogs, indicating exposure to several tick-borne diseases. This rapid, comprehensive test is recommended at least every 6 to 12 months, and can detect Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis and heartworm disease in a single analysis. In addition, ticks removed from animals can be analyzed in the laboratory to check whether they carry specific pathogens. This dual approach not only enables early detection of potential infections in dogs, but also provides a better understanding of environmental risks by identifying infected ticks. This helps to tailor prevention and treatment measures to the actual risk.
Enjoy nature while remaining vigilant
Life is full of risks, and it’s important not to let fear paralyze us. Getting out into nature, exploring forests, lakes and countryside, is good for our mental and physical well-being, and that of our dogs. With a strategy adapted to your geographical situation and your dog’s sensitivity, you can enjoy these moments in the great outdoors while minimizing the risks associated with ticks.
Conclusion
As a holistic veterinarian, I believe in a measured, personalized approach to tick-borne disease prevention. Assessing risks, understanding treatment options, and making informed choices are essential to protecting your dog while enjoying life together. Every situation is unique, and it’s important to tailor care to you and your pet’s needs.
References
- Palmieri et al. Survey of canine use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides. Vet Med Sci. 2020 Nov;6(4):933-945
- Fourie JJ et al. Transmission of Ehrlichia canis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks feeding on dogs and on artificial membranes. Vet Parasitol. 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):595-603
- European Scientific Council Companion Animal Parasites. Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Cats. ESCCAP Guidelines. Oct 2012 ; 05 Second Edition
- Various data sheets: www.vetpharm.uzh.ch; accessed on 20.08.24
